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2020 Yearbook
ISBN
9788474768954
Editorial
Sociological Research Center
Fecha de la edición
2022
Colección
Out of Collection
Dimensiones
21cm x 30cm
N° Pág
443
The main function of the Sociological Research Center (CIS) is the study of the attitudes and behaviors of Spanish society, as well as the measurement of its stability and change over time. This yearbook is part of a series started in 2012 that summarizes the results of the monthly opinion barometers carried out, through the application of personal surveys, in 2020. It presents questions of special relevance, some of which are repeated monthly, while others respond to the monographic nature of each of the surveys. This is intended to convey to the public, in a more visual and accessible way, a selection of the data generated annually by this institution.
This volume consists of a first section dedicated to a detailed description of the methodology used throughout this document, eight thematic chapters and two annexes, the first, with the technical sheets of the barometers used for this yearbook and the second, with the frequency distribution, for each barometer, of the explanatory variables.
The year 2020 meant a considerable challenge for the CIS to adapt to new work methods. Due to the extremely serious situation caused by the coronavirus crisis, and in order to continue offering opinion data on a monthly basis, personal interviews in homes, which were the usual method through which the barometers were carried out, had to be replaced by telephone interviews. For this reason, of the eight chapters contained in this volume, the first two incorporate a selection of results from the barometers carried out through personal interviews at home, in the months of January, February and March, while the following chapters include data from barometers applied through telephone interview. Chapter 1 contains an excerpt of opinion data from current affairs barometers prior to COVID-19; On the other hand, chapters 2 to 7 are a compilation of the main results related to the pandemic, in all its aspects: from the beginning, with the spread of news, the concern generated, continuing with the influence on the personal and social lives of people, going through the health aspects and ending with the measures adopted and personal adaptation to the crisis caused by the coronavirus. Chapter 8 compiles data from the opinion barometer on fiscal policy, which the CIS has been carrying out annually in the month of July.
The tables presented allow us to understand what type of people interviewed are more likely to hold each of the opinions collected in the surveys, according to a selection of characteristics. These include sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, age, studies completed, employment status, marital status or the size of the municipality, but also other characteristics such as ideology, voting memory and religious definition. In this way, in addition to presenting, in a general way, the opinion or, where appropriate, the behavior, of the people interviewed, this yearbook offers the possibility of detailing the opinions and behaviors for specific groups.
The databases used to create this yearbook, as well as all the surveys, series and questions carried out by the CIS since 1999, are available on its website (www.cis.es) to be consulted or downloaded for free.
Madrid, September 30, 2022
The 2020 yearbook incorporates a selection of the most relevant data from the CIS barometers throughout that year. The thematic chapters include a compilation of questions from each monthly barometer. For the selection of the questions, a balance has been sought between the relevance of each indicator and the number of questions, and, therefore, of tables generated. Sometimes, the choice of some battery questions has required the dedication of more space, giving rise to tables that are a continuation of the first, if they contain the same crossover variables.
As a result of the limitations generated by the state of alarm, and since the CIS did not have a teleworking telephone interview system at that time, a series of barometers were carried out by companies contracted for this purpose. In this way, for this 2020 Yearbook, the longitudinal evolution of some indicators is shown in separate tables in groups of barometers, according to the origin of the field work and other processes in each case. Thus, the barometers for April, May, June and July make up a temporal block, while the barometers for September, October, November and December are presented in another group of tables, since at that time the CIS already had the tools necessary for the implementation of the studies. It should be noted that prior to the first barometer produced in the CIS through teleworking, there was a period of adaptation, during which tests, pilot surveys, and other studies were carried out. The presentation of the data referred to each question attempts to maintain a similar structure within each chapter. In this way, in each chapter, the marginal frequencies are first offered for each of the selected questions, with the specific graph on an axis from 0% to 100%.
Following the marginal frequencies, cross tables of variables are provided with the most common sociodemographic and political indicators offered by the CIS to its users: sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation, habitat, ideology, memory of vote and religious definition. Some of the variables have been recoded, or transformed, with the aim of facilitating the reading and interpretation of the data that, in general terms, are calculated for each category of the aforementioned indicators.
Some chapters show the evolution of the indicators when they are replicated in several months in a row, with the corresponding graph, and then, for each of the months, the crosses with the mentioned classification variables. In each table, the month to which the data correspond is specified (in the event that the preceding marginal frequency table contains results from several months). To facilitate comparison, in some tables certain response options have been selected, and next to the percentage, the number of people who respond (n) is indicated.
The sex and age variables maintain the same categories that the CIS provides for the different studies through its website. However, marital status, education, employment situation, habitat, ideology, voting memory and religion have been recoded differently to present a more synthetic table of results.
Age incorporates the following intervals: "Up to 24 years", "From 25 to 34", "From 35 to 44", "From 45 to 54", "From 55 to 64" and "65 years or older". In the ideology variable, the intermediate values "5" and "6" have been kept without grouping, and the rest of the values have been grouped: on the left the values "1-2", "3-4", and on the right the values "7-8" and "9-10". The habitat size categories have been identified as follows: municipalities with less than 10,000 inhabitants as “Town or small city”, from 10,001 to 100,000 inhabitants as “Medium city”, from 100,001 to 1,000,000 inhabitants as “City”. large", and more than 1,000,000 inhabitants as a "Large urban center".
To create the education variable, a combination of questions has been used: the question that collects whether the person interviewed has attended school or not is combined, and the question that measures the level of the highest level of studies obtained. have completed, to generate the following categories: "Primary or less", "initial vocational training and secondary education", "intermediate vocational training", "high school", "higher-level vocational training", and "university". The religion variable is represented by the question on religious definition (which contains the response categories “practicing Catholic”, “non-practicing Catholic”, “believer of another religion”, “agnostic”, “indifferent, not believer” and “atheist”), where the last two options have been grouped.
With regard to vote recall, the question that records electoral participation in the last elections and the question that collects vote recall are combined, and for each month, the parties and political groups presented in the vote are taken into account. the previous electoral call. In this sense, the reference is the parties presented in the general elections of November 2019. The variable generated identifies the parties with the most votes, and the rest are grouped in the "Other parties" category. Next to the parties appear the categories «He was not old», «Blank», «He did not vote» (which brings together the answers: “he went to vote, but he could not do it”, “he did not go to vote because he could not”, “ preferred not to vote”, and “null vote”), “He did not have the right to vote”, “He does not remember”, and “NC”.
The response categories "Does not know (NS)" and "Does not answer (NC)" of the explanatory variables - crossover - are only presented in the tables in those cases in which this figure has its own meaning and is statistically significant. Thus, "NS" and "NC" have been maintained when presenting political ideology; "Does not remember" and "NC" in voting recall; and "NC" in the religion variable, but in the other cases (sex, age, marital status, education and employment situation) they are not included due to their residual nature (ANNEX II contains the distribution of the variables and the number of cases of each barometer).
On the other hand, it has been specified, in the event that it was included in the design of the questionnaire, whether it was a "Spontaneous Response" provided by the person interviewed when asking the question and, on other occasions, whether it was some category that the interviewer was instructed not to offer as a default response option, in which case "DO NOT READ" appears next to said category. The category “Not applicable” is also specified where appropriate, when the question does not apply in some cases.
The fact that some of the categories of the different indicators are not very present among the responses of the people interviewed, together with the fact that the total sample is distributed among the groups generated from the stratification of the crossover variables, forces us to call attention to the limitations it imposes on the interpretation of percentages. For this reason, the number of people (n) who respond by category or as a whole to said question is indicated in parentheses, which in some options may contain the value (0).
The information provided regarding the selected questions is sometimes partial, in order to facilitate reading. Thus, for example, the response options "A lot" and "Quite a bit", used in some battery questions to capture both a frequency and a degree of agreement, have been grouped into the option "A lot + Quite a bit", discarding the rest of the options. response (“Little” and “Nothing”). In other cases, response categories have been grouped when the result has been considered relevant, or for the purpose of summary and ease of comparison.
Generally, it is about presenting the most significant result of this type of question, which is why sometimes a single piece of information is incorporated. This is the case of the chapter titled "Public opinion and fiscal policy", in which only the category "Very few" is shown in the question related to "Resources allocated to different public services". In addition, some tables show results of two or three questions from the same questionnaire with complementary or similar content, aggregated in a single table, as for example has been done in the chapter dedicated to health aspects.
Throughout the document, so-called multiple response questions appear that represent, in aggregate, several responses from each of the people interviewed to the same list of options or values. These questions have the characteristic that the (n) represents, unlike the rest of the questions, the totality of answers instead of the totality of people who have responded. The interviewer marks all the answers mentioned by the person interviewed, so the sum of the column percentages is greater than 100.
In the annexes to this yearbook you can find the technical sheets corresponding to each of the barometers that make it up, and the distribution of frequencies and number of cases of the explanatory variables.
- Interés con el que se siguen las noticias sobre el cambio climático
- Conocimiento de la 25 Conferencia de la ONU sobre cambio climático
- Source of information through which we have learned about the 25th UN Conference on Climate Change
- Assessment of the holding of the 25th Conference on climate change in Spain
- Assessment of the usefulness of the 25th Climate Change Conference
- Participation and mobilization at the UN Climate Change Conference
- Opinion on the existence of climate change
- Possibility of stopping or reducing the impact of climate change
- Perception of the existence of a climate emergency
- Frequency with which you take personal actions for the environment
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Degree of political tension currently in Spain
- Actors who contribute most to political tension in Spain
- Political party that contributes the most to political tension in Spain
- Action against the climate of political tension in Spain
- Assessment of the government coalition agreement between the PSOE and Unidas Podemos
- Expectations regarding the duration of the central coalition government of the PSOE with Unidas Podemos
- Feelings about the PSOE coalition government with Unidas Podemos
- Prospective assessment of the Government of Pedro Sánchez in comparison with that of Mariano Rajoy
- Opinion on the main objectives of the new PSOE-Unidas Podemos Government
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Usefulness of the International Women's Day demonstrations in the demands for women's freedoms and equality rights
- Opinion on gender violence as a problem
- Degree of interest in news about the coronavirus
- Main means of monitoring coronavirus news
- Degree of trust in news about the coronavirus
- Level of information about the coronavirus
- Need for more information on prevention measures by the Government
- Sufficiency of information transmitted by the central government on the issue of COVID-19
- Degree of concern about the coronavirus crisis I
- Frequencies and graphic representation (May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (June)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (June)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (July)
- Degree of concern about the coronavirus crisis II
- Frequencies and graphic representation (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Effects of the coronavirus crisis that are of most personal concern I
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Effects of the coronavirus crisis that are of most personal concern II
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Degree to which the pandemic is affecting the personal life of the interviewee
- Frequencies and graphic representation (October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Aspects of the interviewee's personal life that the pandemic is affecting I
- Frequencies and graphic representation (October, November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Aspects of the interviewee's personal life that the pandemic is affecting II
- Frequencies and graphic representation (December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Degree to which the pandemic is affecting the social life of the interviewee
- Frequencies and graphic representation (October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Aspects of the interviewee's social life that the pandemic is affecting I
- Frequencies and graphic representation (October, November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Aspects of the interviewee's social life that the pandemic is affecting II
- Frequencies and graphic representation (December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Contact with health services because you think you have symptoms of COVID-19 I
- Contact with health services because you think you have symptoms of COVID-19 II
- Medical service to which the person interviewed went for consultation due to COVID-19 symptoms I
- Frequencies and graphic representation (May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May, June, July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May, June, July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May, June, July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May, June, July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May, June, July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May, June, July)
- Medical service to which the person interviewed went for consultation due to symptoms of COVID-19 II
- Frequencies and graphic representation (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, October, November, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, October, November, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, October, November, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, October, November, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, October, November, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, October, November, December)
- Information received, testing and diagnosis for those who went to health services due to symptoms of COVID-19 I
- Information received in the health services attended due to COVID-19 symptoms on the maintenance of isolation measures I
- Carrying out the coronavirus test in the health services attended for symptoms of COVID-19 I
- Information received, testing and diagnosis for those who went to health services due to symptoms of COVID-19 II
- Information received in the health services attended for symptoms of COVID-19 on the maintenance of isolation measures II
- Carrying out the coronavirus test in the health services attended for symptoms of COVID-19 II
- Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection in the coronavirus test
- Willingness to be vaccinated immediately against COVID-19
- Frequencies and graphic representation (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Assessment of the health care received in the health services attended for symptoms of COVID-19 I
- Frequencies and graphic representation (May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (June)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (June)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (July)
- Assessment of the health care received in the health services attended for symptoms of COVID-19 II
- Frequencies and graphic representation (September, October, November, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (November)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (November)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (December)
- Agreement or disagreement with opinions on measures or solutions to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Assessment of the need for the measures adopted in Spain in the face of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
- Frequencies and graphic representation (April, May, June, July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (April)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (April)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (June)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (June)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (July)
- Government level where measures should be taken to combat coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
- Frequencies and graphic representation (April, May)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (April)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (April)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May)
- Position on the extension of confinement measures due to COVID-19
- Assessment of the need to adopt more demanding control measures or continue with the current situation
- Opinion on taking more demanding control and isolation measures or continuing as currently
- Frequencies and graphic representation (September, October)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (September)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (September)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (September)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (October)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (October)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (October)
- Opinion on whether the control and isolation measures taken in Parliament were necessary or they could continue the same
- Frequencies and graphic representation (November, December)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (November)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (November)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (November)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (December)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (December)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (December)
- Assessment of personal adaptation to confinement due to COVID-19
- Frequencies and graphic representation (April, May)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (April)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (April)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May)
- Personal possibility of continuing to cope with confinement in the face of new extensions of the state of alarm due to COVID-19
- Frequencies and graphic representation (May, June)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (May)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (May)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (June)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (June)
- Personal measures adopted against COVID-19 apart from those adopted by the authorities
- Frequencies and graphic representation (October, November, December)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (October)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (October)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (October)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (November)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (November)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (November)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (December)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (December)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (December)
- Change in purchasing habits towards cheaper products during the state of alarm due to COVID-19
- Degree of satisfaction with the operation of different public services
- Tax functionality
- Assessment of public administration spending on different public services
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion
- Personal perception of the compensation received by the company for paying taxes and contributions to public administrations
- Assessment of the compensation received personally and family for the payment to public administrations of taxes and contributions
- Personal perception of the tax pressure on taxpayers in Spain
- Personal perception of the degree of tax fraud that exists in Spain
- Personal perception of justice in tax collection
